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What is the difference in emphasis between the terms science fiction and speculative fiction? Which is The Man in the High Castle? The Speculative Fiction and Fantasy Association of New Zealand includes fantasy, science fiction and horror among the authors and types of literature it includes. Fantasy, science fiction and horror could therefore be described as sub-genres of speculative fiction The online Dictionary.com, defines ‘speculative fiction’ as: a broad literary genre encompassing any fiction with supernatural, fantastical, or futuristic elements This would include all three sub-genres above, as well as alternate history like High castle , and stories such as the His Dark Materials series, which explore parallel worlds. Science fiction usually deals with what could happen under the laws of this universe. Its speculative element is in discoveries or social trends that have not yet happened, or which have not happened on Earth, but have happened ...

The scholar S. Napier (2005) described the ubiquitous nature of shoujo ( 少女 =‘young girls’ in Japanese), and the use of these characters in Japanese anime, particularly the films of Hayao Miyaza ki . The protagonist of Miyaza ki ’s Spirited Away is a ten year old girl, and the theme centres around a coming of age story for this rather spoiled Japanese schoolgirl. Tonari no Totoro features a Japanese family in crisis, consisting of a father, two young shoujo , and a n absent mother in hospital. The heroine San in Princess Mononoke is older than the typical shoujo , but nevertheless shows typical shoujo characteristics. The shoujo characters are characterised by wide eyes and features that are not always very Asian. One theory is that this is a deliberate attempt to make the protagonists less Asian, so that the films are more acceptable to Western audiences.  It could also be part of an inferiority complex or love-hate relationship that the Japanese have to the ...